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Singapore Math

Showing posts with label editor. Show all posts
Showing posts with label editor. Show all posts

Thursday, November 3, 2011

20 Things You Probably Didn't Know about Singapore Math

The media love to paint a positive or negative picture of life's successes and failures, and Singapore's success in mathematics education is no different. Here are some unwritten, often undesirable, factors contributing to Singapore's mathematical success.

20. About sixty percent of students know how to differentiate and integrate un-pathological functions by grades 9 and 10—they read two-year "Additional Mathematics" plus four-year "Elementary Mathematics."


19. About ninety percent of students would have had a math tutor by the time they reach grade 6—private tuition is a multi-million-dollar business in Singapore because school teachers know tutors and anxious parents would eventually fill in the gap.

18. Some sixty percent of students complete their secondary education in four years, which includes reading calculus, trigonometry, and proofs in plane geometry.

Product Details
A title that promotes
the model method

Product Details
A Singapore wallet-friendly
 grade 4 title 
of 
a six-book series 
17. On average, most students would practice three to four assessment [supplementary] math titles every year, up to grade six, mostly purchased by parents and recommended by tutors, because local textbooks ill-prepare them for school tests and exams.

16. An estimated 60% of students in every cohort dislike math, because it’s taught in a boringly sterile manner in schools, and often by boring math teachers who are simply teaching math to the test.

15. Statistical anecdotal evidence suggests that as high as 80% grades 1-6 teachers prefer to teach other subjects to math—the painful truth is that grades 5-6 math (with their share of challenging word problems) are harder to teach than grades 7-8 math.

14. Most K-6 math teachers are non-college graduates; interestingly, they’re also known to be better math teachers than their peers armed with a university degree.

A Formula for Singapore's Math Success = 20% Textbook + 30% Teacher + 30% Tuition + 20% Parental Involvement

13. The better math teachers and tutors aren’t teaching in the top schools, but rather in neighborhood ones, with far less-ideal facilities and resources.

Product Details
A dear pseudo-monograph
about the
Singapore model method 
12. Since the 2000s, the standard of math education in Singapore has dropped significantly, due to the recruitment of non-math majors—many have a degree in Accountancy, Engineering, or Computer Science. This means that many wouldn’t have been exposed to a rigorous treatment of college math (abstract algebra, topology, or complex analysis).

11. The majority of math teachers moonlight, often compromising their day-time jobs—the better ones teach in tuition or enrichment centers, or give private tuition, often charging obscenely.


10. Up to 70% of Singapore students are probably one grade higher than their peers in the United States—for instance, a primary 2 student in a good neighborhood school in Singapore would have covered at least 60% of what a grade 3 student in the US had read, based on the textbooks’ contents from both countries.

9. Other than those few expensive-cheat math titles written by some lecturers or tuition centers' owners, most Singapore-published math textbooks and assessments are value-for-money titles vis-à-vis the expensive, thick, colorful—inch-deep, mile-wide—textbooks published in the US.

8. The power and beauty of the Singapore model (or bar) method is mostly appreciated by those outside Singapore, as compared to an unappreciative lot of local math teachers. Since the late eighties, they've been inundated with an unhealthy number of assessment (supplementary) books, aimed at promoting the visual heuristic—today, most local math teachers treat the model method as a hype or a bore.

7. Most elementary math teachers and graduates-parents have difficulty drawing a model when faced with a grade 5 0r 6 challenging word problem, preferring to use algebra instead to solve them—without peeking at the model-or bar-method solutions, most parents are unable to help their grades 5-6 children with their school homework.


6. Most math teachers feel uncomfortable or ill-prepared to coach their own students for math contests and competitions, leaving the task to trainers from private companies, or to coaches from mainland China.


Product Details
A decade-old
Singapore bestseller

5. Local mathletes are trained to answer questions that would defeat most secondary teachers, who are primarily drill-and-kill specialists employed to produce exam-smart students to outperform their peers from other Commonwealth countries.


4. Singapore-published textbooks and assessments are mostly written or ghostwritten by foreign-born authors, most of whom have never taught in primary or secondary schools, or by lecturers supervising trainee-teachers.

3. Most Singapore-published math titles are "edited" by non-Singapore citizens, who only have a smattering understanding of the local educational system.

2. An unhealthy number of school textbooks are rewritten or ghostwritten by editors for their PhD authors—many titles-conscious general editors or consultants are notoriously known to contribute quasi-zero input and to collect an undeserved royalty or lump sum payment.


1. Singapore is a haven for assessment math titles, but a hell-on-earth for mathophobics who are forced and terrorized by parents and tutors to go through hundreds of non-routine or challenging word problems, so that they'd remain ahead of the competition. The only consolation is Singapore's top ranking in TIMSS; more medals at contests and competitions, and more university places at top universities.

Indeed, Singapore firsts in math education comes with a high price and with much pain and suffering for students, teachers, tutors, parents, writers, editors, and publishers. Not to say, tens of thousands of students who feel shortchanged and alienated by the culture of mathematics challenge, resulting in poor self-esteem and a dislike for the subject!

© Yan Kow Cheong, November 2, 2011.

Thursday, August 12, 2010

Aptitude Test for Math Editors

Senior and managing editors in local publishing houses have always lamented how hard it is to recruit decent mathematics editors, because CV’s and interviews often fail to filter the good from the mediocre candidates. On the other hand, few senior editorial staff dare to look in the mirror to see whether they themselves have what it takes to mentor or guide their editors. There is a Chinese or Japanese saying that says: "An editor shames her managing editor." The less-than-desired-quality of a published math book often reveals much about the competency of those behind its production.
 
Many years ago, I suggested administering a quantitative test to shortlist potential math editors interested in making publishing a career, in the hope that this may help reduce the relatively high attrition or casualty rate in the industry.

Below is a sample of questions we may pose to applicants keen on becoming word doctors in charge of mathematics titles, up to pre-university level.

A Test to Identify Math Editors

1. A writer approached two publishing houses for a manuscript she recently completed. The royalty rates are as follows: 


                       Publisher             Royalty rate

                                          A                    10% published price
                                          B                     12% net price
  
Net price is the price after 40% discounts to the bookstore.

(a) Which publisher should she choose?
(b) Another writer wants to know what percentage of the net price from Publisher B would yield a royalty equal to the published price from Publisher A. What percentage will this be?

2. Two publishing houses have the following mode of payments:


                 Publisher             Mode of payment

                              X                  $5000 + 5% royalty on published price
                              Y                  8% published price

Which publisher gives a better deal?

3. Due to the many errors in a geometry book, a printer had to replace pages 28, 29, 109, 130, and 131. How many sheets of paper did the editor have to reprint? 

4. Mathematics Digest, which has a special 16-page feature in the middle, is incomplete. The third page of the supplement (page 15 of the newspaper) is missing. What other pages must also be missing?

5. Four pages of one section of a newspaper are missing. One of the missing pages is 13. The back page of this section is 40. What are the other three missing pages?

6. When asked by her editor to add the page numbers of the section on Random Numbers he wrote, Mr. Goon said it was either 216 or 256. Which was it?
  
7. Ricky tore out several successive pages from an algebra book. The number of the first page he tore was 143, and the number of the last page is written with the same digits in some order. How many pages did Ricky tear out of the book?
  
8. The middle sheet is removed from a manuscript, handwritten on both sides of the paper. If the two sides are numbered 6 and 7, how long is the script?
  
9. Pages 6 and 19 are on the same double sheet of paper. How many pages does the newspaper contain?

10. A 60-page newspaper, which consists of only one section, has the sheet with page 7 missing. What other pages are missing?

Time limit: One hour 45 minutes for foreign applicants, or two hours for Singapore citizens and permanent residents.* 

If 75 percent were the passing mark for the above quiz, what would be the probability that half of the applicants who took the test would be shortlisted? How many could be considered a true-blue math editor or senior editor?

Two Standard Deviations from the Norm

In recent years, one recurring complaint among seasoned and prospective writers in academia and in schools, keen to write fertile math titles, is that we lack the local expertise or know-how in publishing quality or decent math titles other than locally approved school textbooks and workbooks. In fact, current editorial standards seem to be one or two deviations from the mean, as compared to what they used to be in the nineties.

The future of publishing decent math titles other than school textbooks looks uncertain, to say the least, as fewer ex-teachers are joining the publishing industry due to better job opportunities in other industries, where pay and promotion are much more attractive. Besides, there are few role models for novice editors to emulate should they choose to make publishing a career. Few math majors, if any, are in charge of math titles these days, and the editorial standards in a number of local small publishing houses (which churn out assessment titles like they're selling iPhones) leave much to be desired. 

Self-publishing on the Rise

Across the industry, editors' weak mastery of math concepts and poor linguistic skills would only aggravate an already-declining editorial quality of math titles. Most proofread instead of edit, or simply take care of the grammar instead of rewrite. In recent years, it isn’t surprising to witness many writers and authors switching to self- or vanity publishing, because few writers and teachers believe that there will be added value to their manuscripts, other than cosmetic improvements, going by the influx of assessment or supplementary titles inundating the local market every year.


A Third-class Industry in a First-class Economy
  
A common-sensical step in addressing the often-decried “Singapore-has-a-third-class-publishing-industry-in-a-first-class-economy” issue for its educational titles is to bring in better editors on board the editorial ship, or to recruit foreign talents who have worked no fewer than three years in established foreign publishing houses. Because little attention is given to the pay and remuneration, and to the opportunity to upgrade oneself professionally, the dearth of decent [math and science] editors isn't likely to reverse any time soon. A lack of passion and professionalism seems to be the currency of many editors these days. 

Singapore, a Publisher of Choice

As Singapore aspires to become a key player in math education publishing, local houses can’t afford to have math editors with an average knowledge of the subject matter and a below-average command of the English language. Having math editors with a mastery of the subject matter and a working fluency of linguistics isn’t an option if the country wants its math titles to graduate from a third- or second-class quality to match its first-class economy. And producing quality math titles other than school textbooks is the first sign or step to position Singapore in becoming an Asian publisher of choice in producing first-class math and math education titles.

* This apparent inequality is in line with the recent government's policy that Singaporeans come first, especially when it comes to providing jobs for locals and foreign residents.

 © Yan Kow Cheong, August 11, 2010.

Thursday, March 25, 2010

Bad Algebra and the Double Negative

In algebra, two negatives make a positive; in English, two negatives cancel each other – or are equivalent to an affirmative.

Expressions like 'The middle class didn’t get nothing from the government' or 'Nobody told me nothing' are regarded as illiterate in current English, and they’d be avoided. Yet, arguably, using two negatives (like not or no or never) helps make the negation stronger:
Math editors cannot not write.
Math writers cannot not plagiarize.

In 18th century England, to standardize the English language, language experts believed that multiple negatives were illogical. Using algebra as an analogy, they claimed that two negatives make a positive, and disallowed speaking styles like 'She don’t know nothing' or 'He don’t never look at me.' The argument was neither good logic nor good algebra; in algebra, -x plus -x equals -2x, not 2x. The two negatives equal two negatives. So, double negatives are no-no's.

Logical or not, the rule has been a success, and double negatives like 'I don’t know nothing about it' tend to label a speaker as unrefined. People with a little knowledge pounce on a double negative as self-righteously as they decry a split infinitive. As a result, one seldom sees expressions involving not and clear negatives like nothing or nobody in writing.
“You ain’t seen nothin’ yet!” Ronald Reagan US President
Basically, double negatives aren’t wrong, and some languages use repeated negatives to strengthen the effect. The logic had since changed, and a sequence of negatives came to be regarded as self-canceling instead of reinforcing each other.

Just like there’s almost an exception to every rule, a double negative can be a positive statement – it can be useful as a way of emphasizing a point, as in this sentence:

The managing editor was not unaware of the plagiarism.

At the least, a double negative is acceptable when it’s used as a kind of figure of speech with intentional canceling effect, as in It has not gone unnoticed (= It most certainly has been noticed). In fact, a double negative is an effective way to make a mildly positive statement. For example, instead of undermining the creativity of an editor, a critic may write that she 'is not untalented.'

Here are some double negatives which are actually positive statements:

Double negative: He doesn’t dislike her.
Positive meaning: He likes her (Well, sort of …).

Double negative: We cannot pretend and do nothing.
Positive meaning: We must do something.

Neither-Nor

The double negative, neither-nor, defies the so-called logic that two negatives cancel each other. We don’t say: 'Neither substitution or elimination can solve the simultaneous linear equations,' avoiding a double negative. In standard English we use two negatives, with no idea that they cancel each other: 'Neither substitution nor elimination can solve the simultaneous linear equations.'

Beware of words like barely, hardly and scarcely
which have negative meaning.

We’re also less consistent with negatives like hardly or scarcely. It’s uncommon to hear

I can’t hardly recall the formula.
I don’t hardly think I should.

Standard usage requires cutting one of the negatives:

I can hardly recall the formula.
I hardly think I should or I don’t think I should.

When but has a negative meaning, there is still more confusion, even though standard usage dictates a single negative:

 I can’t help but imagine the worst. 
I can’t help imagining the worst. 

I don’t doubt but that she means well. 
I don’t doubt that she means well.

That double negative is still popular today although language gurus urge us not to use it. If we say that 'Saddam is not entirely dictatorial,' we leave very little for the positive, only whatever small amount of non-dictatorship between entirely and not entirely. If we say that Hitler is 'not half bad,' we may be allowing at least 50 percent on the positive side. If I say that Mao’s views on democracy are 'hardly without prejudice,' I am certainly accusing him of some prejudice, but the negative approach seems to make feel safer from libel suits.

Although the double negative is considered ungrammatical in good writing, however, as we saw earlier, it can serve as an effective way to make a positive statement. At the worst, we may be judged as being uncivilized if we misuse the double negative – we may not impress positively on the reader or listener.

Let me end by saying that it’s not unthinkable that in a not uneducated move in a not too distant future, no small number of editors will be revealing their not unhidden talents to the not unchallenging task of freeing non-uneditable manuscripts of double negatives.

Non-negatively yours

Practice

Which of the following are incorrect?
(a) I wouldn’t be surprised if she didn’t show up unannounced.
(b) The men unloosened their ties.
(c) We will go irregardless of the weather.
(d) Not for nothing was Mathematics called 'the Queen of Sciences.'
(e) I am a friend of him who is an enemy of my enemy.
(f) Don’t give me no wrong answers.
(g) She doesn’t need no tuitions.
(h) We didn’t write nothing.
(i) I didn’t know hardly anybody who didn’t want me to edit.

References

Allen, Robert (2005). How to Write Better English. Penguin Books.

Dolainski, Stephen (2004). Grammar Traps: A Handbook of the 20 Most Common Grammar Mistakes And How o Avoid Them. Toluca Lake, CA: Paragraph Publishers.

Gorrell, Robert (1994). Watch Your Language!: Mother Tongue and Her Wayward Children. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press.


© Yan Kow Cheong, March 24 2010.